First Modernist Art Movement to Originate in the Us

20 Revolutionary Art Movements That Accept Shaped Our Visual History

Looking back through Western history, it'southward incredible to see how many types of art take made an impact on society. By tracing a timeline through dissimilar fine art movements, we're able to not only come across how modern and contemporary art has developed, but also how fine art is a reflection of its time.

For instance, did you know that Impressionism was once considered an underground, controversial movement or that Abstract Expressionism signaled a shift in the art earth from Paris to New York? Like edifice blocks, from Realism to Lowbrow, these different types of fine art are interconnected. As the creative pendulum swings, artistic styles are often reactions against or homages to their predecessors. And by looking dorsum at some of the most of import art movements in history, we have a clearer understanding of how famous artists like Van Gogh, Picasso, and Warhol have revolutionized the art world.

These 20 visual fine art movements are fundamental to understanding the different types of art that shape modern history.

Italian Renaissance Art

From the 14th through 17 century, Italy underwent an unprecedented age of enlightenment. Known equally the Renaissance—a term derived from the Italian give-and-take Rinascimento, or "rebirth"—this period saw increased attention to cultural subjects like art and architecture.

Italian Renaissance artists similar Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael constitute inspiration in classical fine art from Ancient Rome and Greece, adopting ancient interests like residue, naturalism, and perspective. In Renaissance-era Italian republic, this antiquity-inspired approach materialized as humanist portrait painting, anatomically correct sculpture, and harmonious, symmetrical architecture.

Artists to Know: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian

Iconic Artwork: Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli (1486), The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495 – 1498),Mona Lisa (c. 1503 – 1506),David past Michelangelo (1501 – 1504), The School of Athens past Raphael (1509 – 1511)

Baroque

"The Ecstasy of St. Teresa" by Bernini. 1647-1652. Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome

Toward the terminate of the Renaissance, the Baroque movement emerged in Italy. Like the preceding genre, Baroque art showcased artistic interests in realism and rich color. Unlike Renaissance art and architecture, however, Baroque works also emphasized extravagance.

This opulence is axiomatic in Baroque painting, sculpture, and architecture. Painters like Caravaggio suggested drama through their treatment of lite and depiction of movement. Sculptors similar Bernini accomplished a sense of theatricality through dynamic contours and intricate drapery. And architects across Europe embellished their designs with decoration ranging from intricate carvings to imposing columns.

Artists to Know: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Bernini

Iconic Artwork: The Calling of Saint Matthew by Caravaggio (1599 –1600),The Nighttime Watch by Rembrandt (1642), The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini (1647 – 1652)

Rococo

Following the extravagance and power of Baroque art came the lighthearted and flirtatious Rococo movement, which blossomed in 18th-century French republic before spreading to other European countries. The termRococo derives fromrocaille, a method of decoration using pebbles, seashells, and cement to adorn grottoes and fountains in the Renaissance. During the 1730s, the rocaille ornament inspired scrolling curves in ornamental furniture and interior design. In painting, this decorative style transferred to a love of whimsical narratives, pastel colors, and fluid forms.

Artists to know: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Antoine Watteau, François Boucher

Iconic Artwork: The Swing by Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1767)

Neoclassicism

Jacques-Louis David, "The Oath of the Horatii," 1784–v (Photo: Wikimedia Eatables, Public domain)

Neoclassicism is an 18th-century art movement based on the ideals of fine art from Rome and Aboriginal Greece. Its interest in simplicity and harmony was partially inspired every bit a negative reaction to the overly frivolous aesthetic of the decorative Rococo fashion. The discovery of Roman archaeological cities Pompeii and Herculaneum (in 1738 and 1748, respectively) helped galvanize the spirit of this movement.

Artists to Know: Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Antonio Canova

Iconic Artwork: The Oath o the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David (1784–1785),The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David (1787), Decease of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793), The Grande Odalisque past Ingres (1814)

Romanticism

Eugène Delacroix, "Liberty Leading the People," 1830 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Romanticism was a cultural movement that emerged effectually 1780. Until its onset, Neoclassicism dominated 18th-century European fine art, typified by a focus on classical subject field matter, an interest in aesthetic austerity, and ideas in line with the Enlightenment, an intellectual, philosophical, and literary movement that placed emphasis on the private.

Artists similar Eugène Delacroixfound inspiration in their own imaginations. This introspective approach lent itself to an art form that predominantly explored the spiritual.

Artists to Know: Joseph Mallord William Turner, Eugène Delacroix, Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya

Iconic Artwork: Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich (1818), Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830)

Realism

Realism is a genre of art that started in France later on the French Revolution of 1848. A clear rejection of Romanticism, the dominant style that had come earlier it, Realist painters focused on scenes of gimmicky people and daily life. What may seem normal at present was revolutionary after centuries of painters depicting exotic scenes from mythology and the Bible, or creating portraits of the dignity and clergy.

French artists like Gustave Courbet and Honoré Daumier, as well as international artists like James Abbott McNeill Whistler, focused on all social classes in their artwork, giving vocalism to poorer members of order for the first time and depicting social issues stemming from the Industrial Revolution. Photography was also an influence on this type of art, pushing painters to produce realistic representations in competition with this new technology.

Artists to Know: Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, James McNeill Whistler

Iconic Artwork:The Gleanersby Jean-François Millet (1857), The Burial at Ornans past Gustave Courbet (1849 – 1850)

Impressionism

It may be hard to believe, only this at present beloved fine art genre was one time an outcast visual movement. Breaking from Realism, Impressionist painters moved abroad from realistic representations to use visible brushstrokes, vivid colors with petty mixing, and open compositions to capture the emotion of light and movement. Impressionism started when a group of French artists broke with academic tradition by painting en plein air—a shocking decision when well-nigh landscape painters executed their piece of work indoors in a studio.

The original grouping, which included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille, was formed in the early 1860s in France. Additional artists would join in forming their ain society to exhibit their artwork after being rejected past the traditional French salons, who deemed it too controversial to exhibit. This initial hush-hush exhibition, which took place in 1874, allowed them to gain public favor.

Artists to Know: Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Mary Cassatt

Iconic Artwork: Impression, Sunrise past Monet (1872), Bal du Moulin de la Galette past Renoir (1876), Water Liliesseries by Monet (1890s – 1900s)

Postal service-Impressionism

Again originating from France, this type of art developed betwixt 1886 and 1905 equally a response to the Impressionist movement. This time, artists reacted against the need for the naturalistic depictions of calorie-free and color in Impressionist art. As opposed to earlier styles, Post-Impressionism covers many different types of fine art, from the Pointillism of Georges Seurat to the Symbolism of Paul Gauguin.

Not unified by a single fashion, artists were united by the inclusion of abstract elements and symbolic content in their artwork. Perhaps the most well-known Post-Impressionist is Vincent van Gogh, who used colour and his brushstrokes not to convey the emotional qualities of the mural, but his own emotions and state of listen.

Artists to Know: Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard

Iconic Artwork: A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat (1884 – 1886), The Starry Nightpast Vincent van Gogh (1889), The Yellow Christ past Paul Gauguin (1891)

Art Nouveau

At the end of the 19th century, a movement of "new art" swept through Europe. Characterized past an involvement in stylistically reinterpreting the beauty of nature, artists from beyond the continent adopted and adapted this advanced style. Every bit a result, it materialized in sub-movements likethe Vienna Secession in Austria,Modernisme in Spain, and, nearly prominently,Art Nouveau in France.

The French Art Nouveau fashion was embraced by artists working in a range of mediums. In addition to the fine arts, like painting and sculpture, information technology featured heavily in architecture and decorative arts of the period. Withal, perhaps its about indelible legacy tin exist plant in the poster—a commercial craft that Czech creative person Alphonse Mucha helped elevate as a modern art form.

Artists to Know: Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt

Iconic Artwork: The Four Seasons by Alphonse Mucha, The Kiss by Gustav Klimt

Cubism

Pablo Picasso, "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon," 1907 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Off-white Use)

A truly revolutionary style of fine art, Cubism is ane of the most important art movements of the 20th century. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque developed Cubism in the early on 1900s, with the term being coined past art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1907 to describe the artists. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, the two men—joined by other artists—would use geometric forms to build upward the final representation. Completely breaking with any previous art movement, objects were analyzed and broken autonomously, only to be reassembled into an abstracted form.

This reduction of images to minimal lines and shapes was function of the Cubist quest for simplification. The minimalist outlook also trickled down into the colour palette, with Cubists forgoing shadowing and using limited hues for a flattened appearance. This was a articulate break from the use of perspective, which has been the standard since the Renaissance. Cubism opened the doors for after art movements, like Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism, by throwing out the prescribed artist's rulebook.

Artists to Know: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris

Iconic Artwork:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon by Pablo Picasso (1907)

Futurism

Giacomo Balla, "Dynamism of a Dog on a Ternion," 1912 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Fascinated by new industry and thrilled by what lay alee, the early 20th-centuryFuturists carved out a place in history. Growing out of Italy, these artists worked as painters, sculptors, graphic designers, musicians, architects, and industrial designers. As the early manifesto did not directly address the artistic output of Futurism, it took some fourth dimension before there was a cohesive visual. A hallmark of Futurist art is the depiction of speed and movement. In item, they adhered to principles of "universal dynamism," which meant that no single object is split from its background or another object.

This is best exemplified in Giacomo Balla'sDynamism of a Dog on a Leash, where the motion of walking the dog is shown through the multiplying of the dog's feet, ternion, and owner'south legs.

Artists to Know: Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni

Iconic Artwork: Dynamism of a Canis familiaris on a Ternion by Giacomo Balla (1912), Unique Forms of Continuity in Infinite by Umberto Boccioni (1913)

Dada

Dada was a 20th-century avant-garde fine art motion (ofttimes referred to as an "anti-art" movement) born out of the tumultuous societal landscape and turmoil of WWI. It began as a tearing reaction and defection against the horrors of state of war and the hypocrisy and follies of bourgeois social club that had led to information technology. In a subversion of all aspects of Western civilization (including its art), the ethics of Dada rejected all logic, reason, rationality, and gild—all considered pillars of an evolved and advanced society since the days of the Enlightenment.

Artists to Know: Marcel Duchamp, Homo Ray, Tristan Tzara

Iconic Artwork: Fountain by Marcel Duchamp (1917)

Bauhaus

Poster for the Bauhaus movement by Joos Schmidt, 1923 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Ranging from paintings and graphics to compages and interiors,Bauhaus fine art dominated many outlets of experimental European art throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Though it is well-nigh closely associated with Germany, it attracted and inspired artists of all backgrounds. Bauhaus—literally translated to "construction house"—originated as a High german school of the arts in the early 20th century. Founded by Walter Gropius, the schoolhouse somewhen morphed into its own mod art movement characterized past its unique approach to architecture and blueprint.

Artists to Know: Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Joost Schmidt, Marcel Breur

Iconic Artwork: Yellow-Red-Blueish by Wassily Kandinsky (1925), Wassily Chair by Marcel Breur (1925)

Art Deco

Art Deco is a modernist movement that emerged in 1920s Europe. While many different aesthetics compose the movement—including different colour palettes and a range of materials, from ebony and ivory to woods and plastic—information technology is about frequently characterized by streamlined, geometric forms assorted by rich ornamentation and linear decoration.

Paintings produced in the Art Deco style typically characteristic bold forms and decorated compositions. Some, like those by Smooth-born painter Tamara de Lempicka, draw dynamic portraits of stylish subjects. Typically, these figures are dressed in bright colors and set in abstracted metropolitan locations.

Artists to Know: Tamara de Lempicka

Iconic Artwork: Tamara in a Dark-green Bugatti past Tamara de Lempicka (1929)

Surrealism

"The Persistence of Retentivity" by Salvador Dalí. 1931. MoMA, New York.

A precise definition of Surrealism can exist difficult to grasp, but it'south articulate that this once advanced movement has staying ability, remaining one of the most approachable art genres, fifty-fifty today. Imaginative imagery spurred by the hidden is a hallmark of this type of art, which started in the 1920s. The movement began when a group of visual artists adopted automatism, a technique that relied on the hidden for creativity.

Tapping into the appeal for artists to liberate themselves from restriction and take on total creative freedom, Surrealists oftentimes challenged perceptions and reality in their artwork. Part of this came from the juxtaposition of a realistic painting style with unconventional, and unrealistic, bailiwick matters.

Artists to Know: Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte

Iconic Artwork: The Treachery of Images by René Magritte (1929), The Persistence of Memoryby Salvador Dalí (1931)

Abstract Expressionism

"Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)" by Jackson Pollock. 1950. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Abstract Expressionism is an American art movement—the showtime to explode on an international calibration—that started after Globe State of war II. Information technology solidified New York every bit the new centre of the art globe, which had traditionally been based in Paris. The genre developed in the 1940s and 1950s, though the term was also used to describe piece of work by earlier artists similar Wassily Kandinsky. This manner of fine art takes the spontaneity of Surrealism and injects it with the night mood of trauma that lingered postal service-War.

Jackson Pollock is a leader of the motility, with his baste paintings spotlighting the spontaneous creation and gestural paint application that defines the genre. The term "Abstract Expressionism," though closely married to Pollock's work, isn't limited to 1 specific style. Piece of work every bit varied equally Willem de Kooning's figurative paintings and Mark Rothko's color fields are grouped under the umbrella of Abstract Expressionism.

Artists to Know: Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Clyfford Yet, Mark Rothko

Iconic Artwork:Autumn Rhythm (Number xxx)by Jackson Pollock

Pop Art

Ascent upward in the 1950s, Pop Fine art is a pivotal motility that heralds the onset of contemporary art. This post-war fashion emerged in Britain and America, including imagery from advertising, comic books, and everyday objects. Often satirical, Popular Art emphasized banal elements of common goods and is frequently thought of every bit a reaction confronting the subconscious elements of Abstruse Expressionism.

Roy Lichtenstein'southward bold, vibrant work is an first-class case of how parody and popular civilisation merged with fine art to make attainable fine art. Andy Warhol, the about famous of the Pop Art figures, helped push the revolutionary concept of art as mass production, creating numerous silkscreen serial of his popular works.

Artists to Know: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns

Iconic Artwork:Campbell'due south Soup Cans by Andy Warhol (1962)

Installation Art

"The Souls of Millions of Light Years Abroad" past Yayoi Kusama

In the center of the 20th century, avant-garde artists in America and Europe began producing Installation Fine art. Installations are three-dimensional constructions that play with space to interactively engage viewers. Oftentimes large-calibration and site-specific, these works of fine art transform museums, galleries, and even outdoor locations into immersive environments.

Inspired by Marcel Duchamp'south DadaistReadymades—a series of establish objects contextualized every bit sculptures— this important genre was pioneered by modernistic masters similar Yayoi Kusama and Louise Bourgeois. Today, contemporary artists go along his practice alive, crafting experimental installations from mediums similar string, newspaper, and flowers.

Artists to Know: Yayoi Kusama, Louise Bourgeois, Damien Hirst

Iconic Artwork:Mirror Rooms past Yayoi Kusama

Kinetic Art

"Rouge Triomphant (Triumphant Red)" by Alexander Calder. 1959–1965.

The seemingly contemporary art motion actually has its roots in Impressionism, when artists commencement began attempting to limited movement in their art. In the early 1900s, artists began to experiment further with art in motion, with sculptural auto and mobiles pushing kinetic art frontwards. Russian artists Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko were the first creators of sculptural mobiles, something that would afterwards be perfected by Alexander Calder.

In gimmicky terms, kinetic art encompasses sculptures and installations that have move every bit their primary consideration. American creative person Anthony Howe is a leading figure in the contemporary movement, using computer-aided design for his large-scale air current-driven sculptures.

Artists to Know: Alexander Calder, Jean Tinguely, Anthony Howe

Iconic Artwork: Arc of Petalsby Alexander Calder

Photorealism

"Untitled" by Yigal Ozeri. 2012.

Photorealism is a fashion of art that is concerned with the technical ability to wow viewers. Primarily an American art motion, it gained momentum in the late 1960s and 1970s as a reaction against Abstruse Expressionism. Here, artists were most concerned with replicating a photograph to the best of their power, carefully planning out their work to great issue and eschewing the spontaneity that is the authentication of Abstruse Expressionism. Similar to Pop Art, Photorealism is often focused on imagery related to consumer culture.

Early Photorealism was steeped in nostalgia for the American landscape, while more recently, photorealistic portraits have go a more common subject. Hyperrealism is an advancement of the artistic style, where painting and sculpture are executed in a style to provoke a superior emotional response and to make it at higher levels of realism due to technical developments. A common thread is that all works must start with a photographic reference point.

Artists to Know: Chuck Shut, Ralph Going, Yigal Ozeri

Iconic Artwork: Untitledpast Yigal Ozeri

Lowbrow

Lowbrow, too chosen pop surrealism, is an art move that grew out of an hole-and-corner California scene in the 1970s. Traditionally excluded from the fine art world, lowbrow art moves from painted artworks to toys, digital art, and sculpture. The genre too has its roots in surreptitious comix, punk music, and surf culture, with artists not seeking credence from mainstream galleries. By mixing surrealism imagery with pop colors or figures, artists attain dreamlike results that oft play on erotic or satirical themes. The ascension of magazines like Juxtapoz and Hi-Fructose have given lowbrow artists a forum to brandish their work outside of mainstream contemporary art media.

Artists to Know: Marker Ryden, Ray Caesar, Audrey Kawasaki

Iconic Artwork:Incarnationpast Mark Ryden

This article has been edited and updated.

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